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Peter Blow, Scott's owner, brought him to St. Louis in 1830, and later sold him to Dr. John Emerson at Jefferson Barracks. Emerson took him to a free state, where he married a free black named Harriet. Later he and wife moved back to the area with the doctor. After Emerson died and left his property-including his slaves-to his wife, Scott sued for his freedom.
The League offered services unique to the urban experience. It opened a day nursery and dental clinic in the 1920s, for example, and initiated the Federation of Block Units in 1932. It worked in the 1940s and 1950s to push employers to hire and promote African-American workers.
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"The problem of the twentieth century" wrote W. E. B. DuBois in The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, "is the problem of the color line." The words of the great African-American writer on race relations was as much a statement of historical trend as prophecy. By the time those words appeared in The Souls of Black Folk the lines of segregation in America were drawn in thick, bold lines. Racial segregation was institutionalized in St. Louis by intent, accident, or benign neglect throughout its history, effecting the nature of race relations in the city today.
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Augustin Paris organized a school for black Catholic girls at 3rd and Poplar in 1845, mostly for daughters of free blacks. It closed in 1846 "under pressure of civil authorities." Like European immigrants, these Exodusters were both pushed and pulled north. Many feared the Reconstruction and the absence of U. Troops would eliminate their rights or, worse yet, return them to slavery. The KKK gave added impetus to fear for safety and life.
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African-Americans in antebellum St. Louis needed licenses to live in the city, and were banned from voting or testifying against whites in court. While a "black aristocracy" of merchants and professionals existed here by the late 1850s, their lives were far more restrictive than those of their white counterparts. Blacks were subject to housing restrictions, curfews, bans on education, and prohibition from testifying in court against whites. This regular contact with both north and south meant that free blacks and slaves walked the same streets, met the same people, and interacted with one another.
African-Americans' color always identified them as different from the prevailing white culture, making it easier to force them into separate areas. By 1909 there were nine black Freemasons chapters in the city, and the Negro Masonic Hall Association raised enough money to purchase its own building. The groups moved from their rented quarters to Easton Avenue (now Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Boulevard).
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During the Civil War, with St. Louis under Union control, pro-northern leaders had greater latitude. Two days later, the building mysteriously burned, but the school continued in different quarters. The Laclede Town development in the 1960s took the site, so the church moved to 1260 Hamilton Avenue. The first Roman Catholic church for a black congregation, St. Elizabeth's, opened the following year in the former Vinegar Hill Hall at 14th and Gay.
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The St. Louis electorate passed a bond issue in 1954 to redevelop the area. Some 20,000 people lived from Market and Vandeventer to the Mississippi River, and between 20th and Grand, extending south from Olive to the railroad tracks; 95 percent of them were black. Demolition of the area began in 1959 to make way for Laclede Town, Grand Towers, the Ozark Expressway , and a 22-acre extension by the St. Louis University onto the Civil War-era Camp Jackson site.
Within two years pro-southern whites answered his antislavery editorials with threats against the paper's office. After a series of break-ins at the paper in 1837 and a judge publicly denouncing his views, Lovejoy moved to Alton, Illinois, where slavery was illegal since the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Later that year, a pro-slavery mob attacked the paper's office and killed Lovejoy. Frances Dana Gage met violence as well. A women's rights leader and writer in Ohio, Gage moved to St. Louis soon after chairing the 1853 National Women's Rights Convention in Cleveland.
Want to wait for the best possible deals on designer clothes, shoes and accessories? Shop now, save all your favorites, and we'll alert you to any sales, price drops and new promotions across hundreds of retailers and brands. Become a ShopStyle member and get exclusive online clothes shopping deals and the highest cash-back savings powered by Rakuten. Out of St. Louis segregation, centered in the Mill Creek Valley and The Ville neighborhoods, grew a distinct African-American culture. Marked by both music and Negro National League baseball, this culture is two-sided, according to writer and social commentator Gerald Early. While jazz and black baseball gave African-American culture its texture, life, and vitality, it is also true that it could never have evolved without the oppression of segregated society.
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